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}} John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (;〔Tolkien pronounced his surname , see his phonetic transcription published on the illustration in ''The Return of the Shadow: The History of The Lord of the Rings, Part One.'' (by ) Christopher Tolkien. London: Unwin Hyman, (August ) 1988. (The History of Middle-earth; 6) ISBN 0-04-440162-0. In General American the surname is also pronounced . This pronunciation no doubt arose by analogy with such words as ''toll'' and ''polka'', or because General American speakers realise as , while often hearing British as ; thus or General American become the closest possible approximation to the Received Pronunciation for many American speakers. Wells, John. 1990. Longman pronunciation dictionary. Harlow: Longman, ISBN 0-582-05383-8〕 3 January 18922 September 1973) was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor who is best known as the author of the classic high-fantasy works ''The Hobbit'', ''The Lord of the Rings'', and ''The Silmarillion''. He served as the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, from 1925 to 1945 and Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and Fellow of Merton College, Oxford from 1945 to 1959.〔''Biography'', pp. 111, 200, 266.〕 He was at one time a close friend of C. S. Lewis—they were both members of the informal literary discussion group known as the Inklings. Tolkien was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972. After Tolkien's death, his son Christopher published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including ''The Silmarillion''. These, together with ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' form a connected body of tales, poems, fictional histories, invented languages, and literary essays about a fantasy world called Arda, and Middle-earth〔"Middle-earth" is derived via Middle English ' from ', an Anglo-Saxon cognate of Old Norse , the land inhabited by humans in Norse mythology.〕 within it. Between 1951 and 1955, Tolkien applied the term ''legendarium'' to the larger part of these writings.〔''Letters'', nos. 131, 153, 154, 163.〕 While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien,〔 The author emphasizes the impact not only of Tolkien but also of William Morris, George MacDonald, Robert E. Howard, and E. R. Eddison.〕 the great success of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' led directly to a popular resurgence of the genre. This has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the "father" of modern fantasy literature〔The ''Oxford companion to English Literature'' calls him "''the greatest influence within the fantasy genre''. (Sixth edition, 2000, page 352. Ed. Margaret Drabble.)〕—or, more precisely, of high fantasy. In 2008, ''The Times'' ranked him sixth on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". ''Forbes'' ranked him the 5th top-earning "dead celebrity" in 2009. ==Biography== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「J. R. R. Tolkien」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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